In video lectures, instructors naturally produce nonverbal behaviors, such as gestures, facial expressions, and gaze guidance. Instructors' pointing gestures can act as attentional cues, directing students' attention, while their positive facial expressions can act as social cues, eliciting students' positive social response. The current study…

Videos are pivotal tools in pre-service teacher training. First-person, third-person, and 360-degree perspectives are commonly used types and the optimal type remains undetermined. In our study involving pre-service teachers (PSTs), we evaluated the efficacy of 360-degree videos against the first-person and third-person perspective videos…