While language hegemonies often take the form of one language imposed upon speakers of another, this article focuses on the hegemony of language boundaries themselves imposed upon everyday language practices, and in particular, upon those of teachers and students in bilingual classrooms. This examination of two different borderland contexts--El…

With the goal of achieving bilingualism and biculturalism, dual language education (DL) has a social justice orientation. As the program option with the best track record of closing the achievement gap between Latinx and White students, DL programs can potentially create environments in which learners can develop knowledge of science, technology,…

The goal of the present study was to examine the efficacy of learning a text structure strategy (TSS) for improving reading comprehension and recall for second language (L2) learners, as well as to test for transfer of the strategy to the native language (L1). University L2 learners of English completed a five-session course on using the TSS to…

This paper is a critical ethnography of the schooling experiences of 5 recent immigrants attending dual immersion classes in an elementary school located near El Paso, Texas where the separation of languages is a policy, and language is said to be used as a resource to motivate learning when working cooperatively (Adelman Reyes, 2007; Collier…

EMPHASIS IS ON CONVERSATION. LESSONS ARE DEVELOPED AROUND AREAS OF INTEREST APPROPRIATE TO THIS AGE GROUP (FOR EXAMPLE, "COLONIAL AND MODERN LIVING,""GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF EL PASO," AND "EXPLORATION AND BIOGRAPHY."). SINCE SOME STUDENTS WILL BE NEW TO THE PROGRAM, THE TEACHER IS ENCOURAGED TO GIVE REVIEW UNITS…

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SECOND GRADE MANUAL GREW FROM EXPANDING THE CONCEPTS DISCOVERED IN THE FIRST GRADE COURSE OF STUDY. EMPHASIS IS PLACED ON CONVERSATION. INDIVIDUAL RATHER THAN CLASS RESPONSE IS ENCOURAGED. MATERIAL IS GEARED TO TOPICS FAMILIAR TO THE WORLD OF SECOND GRADERS. ALL SUBJECTS FOR CONVERSATION ARE INTRODUCED BY MEANS OF MOUNTED…

UNITS IN FIRST GRADE CONVERSATIONAL SPANISH ARE CORRELATED WITH THE REGULAR COURSE OF STUDY. CONSTANT REPETITION OF VOCABULARY PHRASES AND SENTENCES IS EMPHASIZED AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR FOR THE FIRST GRADER LEARNING SPANISH BY "EAR." ALL VOCABULARY PRESENTED IS LINKED WITH KNOWN EXPERIENCES AND OBJECTS EITHER WITHIN THE CLASSROOM OR IN…

THE AIM IS TO STIMULATE INTEREST IN CONVERSATION FOR STUDENTS WITH A PREVIOUS BACKGROUND IN THE LANGUAGE. THE COURSE OF STUDY IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR BROAD UNITS - REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK (GRADES 1-6), HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND MATERIAL, A BRIEF HISTORY OF TEXAS IN SPANISH, AND FOLK TALES AND LEGENDS. ALTHOUGH GRAMMAR IS TAUGHT INCIDENTALLY,…

THE EMPHASIS IS GIVEN TO PUPIL PARTICIPATION AND THE BEGINNING OF INFORMAL WRITING AND READING. CHILDREN WITH TWO PREVIOUS YEARS OF ORAL SPANISH CAN BE TAUGHT TO READ THE WRITTEN SYMBOLS FROM AN ASSOCIATION OF THE WRITTEN WORD WITH THE ORAL WORD. A CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF SPANISH VOWEL SOUNDS IS NECESSARY FOR THIS TRANSITION. ORAL RECOGNITION AND…

DUE TO THE PHENOMENON OF "RETROGRESSION IN READING" WHICH OFTEN TAKES PLACE BETWEEN THE GRADES OF TWO AND THREE AND THE UPPER ELEMENTARY GRADES AMONG BILINGUAL CHILDREN, A MORE LONG-RANGE, SYSTEMATIC READING PROGRAM HAS BEEN DEVELOPED. A READING PROGRAM FOR NONENGLISH SPEAKING STUDENTS (SPANISH) SHOULD NOT BE A REMEDIAL PROGRAM, BUT…

A SEQUENCE TO THE PROGRAM BEGUN IN EARLIER GRADES (1-6) IS OFFERED. IT IS INTENDED ALSO TO GIVE THE BEGINNING SPANISH STUDENT THE OPPORTUNITY TO LEARN BASIC FUNCTIONAL SPANISH. MATERIALS PRESENTED ARE REPETITIONS OF VOCABULARIES AND EXPRESSIONS OF EARLIER GRADES, BUT THE TEACHING APPROACH IS GEARED TO REALISTIC SITUATIONS WHICH INVOLVE STUDENT…

THE INTENT IS TO PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW DESIGNED FOR ALL CHILDREN, SOME OF WHOM ARE ENTERING THE PROGRAM FOR THE FIRST TIME. NO NEW WORDS ARE INTRODUCED IN THE FIRST UNIT, AND NEW STUDENTS HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO LEARN BASIC VOCABULARY. NEW UNITS IN THE GRADE RELATE TO GENERAL ACTIVITIES OF CHILDREN OF THIS AGE GROUP RATHER THAN TO…

EMPHASIS IS ON CONVERSATION. THE MATERIAL IS GEARED TO THE INTERESTS OF CHILDREN AT THIS AGE LEVEL (FOR EXAMPLE, "SCOUTING,""A TRIP TO SAN FRANCISCO," AND "PIONEERS."). VOCABULARIES SHOULD BE BUILT AROUND ACTIVITIES ENJOYED BY FIFTH GRADERS. MATERIAL PRESENTED IN THE MANUAL IS DESIGNED TO BE STENCILLED OR DITTOED AND…