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Klette, Kirsti; Blikstad-Balas, Marte – European Educational Research Journal, 2018
The aim of this paper is to discuss the role of coding and observation manuals in classroom studies. While observation manuals have been a part of the methodological toolkit for measuring various aspects of instruction for decades, the field has also been suffering from "paradigm wars," fragmentation and local production of instruments.…
Descriptors: Classroom Observation Techniques, Guides, Coding, Research Methodology

Tonnessen, Finn Egil, Ed. – Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 1993
The seven articles of this special issue comment on the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Assessment Reading Literacy Study conducted from 1989 to 1991 in 31 countries. Project design and test instruments are reviewed, and results from the Nordic countries are presented and explored. (SLD)
Descriptors: Educational History, Elementary Secondary Education, Foreign Countries, International Education