In Mali, the Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS) English department trains students for four years and awards them the degree of teacher of English as a foreign language in Malian high schools. This article argues that, if the ENS curriculum is to serve the needs of developmental issues, it will require transformation of the English program.(Author/VWL)

Shortly after Mali gained its independence in 1962, the Ministry of Education in Mali undertook a program of educational reform. Although some educational improvements were made, there are still many unmet needs. In October 1976, a new educational policy was adopted by the government. Educational needs identified include: (1) a close link between…

The private sector is playing an increasingly important role in financing and providing educational services in many countries. (Often the term "private sector" encompasses households' out-of-pocket expenses rather than describing for-profit or not-for-profit sectors.) Private sector development has not arisen primarily through public…