Adolescents in the urban public school system experience childhood trauma that sometimes makes it difficult to focus on learning. Even more so, sometimes trauma experienced by youth manifests in disruptive behaviors in the school setting. Traditionally, urban public schools have focused on teaching and learning academics, generally neglecting the…

A broad range of school, home, societal, and community-based interventions have been tried for at-risk students. Inner-city teachers (N=56) rated the effectiveness of interventions directed toward minimizing risks that students confront. Early-intervention programs, integrated services, family-based interventions, and welfare and child-protection…