After several years of pressure from black community organizations and their white allies, in December 1968 the Richmond Unified School District school board set in motion plans to integrate all its elementary schools. The plans necessitated some two-way busing. Four months later the proponents of that plan were soundly defeated by the electorate,…

As the history and statistics of busing indicate, the greatest demand for it has come from rural states, where population is scattered and the consolidated school district is typical. But urban and suburban areas have begun to use busing more heavily than before. Not only has busing become a safety factor in crowded urban areas or suburbs where no…

Contents of this issue of "Inequality in Education" include: (1) "Busing is not the issue," Reubin Askew, Governor of Florida; (2) "Pupil transportation: a brief history," Paul V. Smith; (3) "White parents' fears," Patricia Derian, which discusses the desegregation of the schools in Jackson, Mississippi in the late 1960's from the point of view of…

The New Jersey State government could reduce pupil transportation aid payments to local school districts by between $35 million and $50 million by eliminating support for questionable expenditures and by using the funding formula adopted in the Quality Education Act of 1990. This report describes how these dollar savings can be achieved. The major…

The safe and effective transportation of pupils to and from schol is an integral part of a sound educational program. This course guide is a study and reference tool for use in a training course designed to promote the competency of school bus drivers throughout the State of Texas. Unit 1 of the guide provides an overview of the transportation…

As part of a comprehensive study of all mandates placed by the state of Illinois on elementary and secondary education, an analysis was undertaken of the student transportation mandate in its historical perspective, inquiring into its original purpose, how well that purpose has been served, whether the mandate is still needed, and whether a…

In this book, we propose to describe what actually happened, as we saw it, in the schools of White Plains, New York, over a period of five years after a decision to integrate was implemented. Putting children together in one classroom is only a first step; it is desegregation rather than integration. The real work begins only after this first step…

These hearings before the General Subcommittee on Education of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, are concerned with three bills to further the achievement of equal educational opportunities. H.R. 13915, the Equal Educational Opportunities Act, provides Federal assistance for educationally deprived students and…

The Commission on Civil Rights conducted its current study of ten school districts during the late fall and winter of the 1972-73 school year. The purpose of this study is to reexamine earlier findings and explore more deeply the dynamics of school desegregation and community reaction. In brief, the Commission found that one reason why many people…

The major purpose of this report is to describe the strategy utilized in the West Virginia State Department of Education to overcome barriers to educational change in an organizational setting. The first part of the report describes two interventions, disposable organization (an ad hoc institution temporarily assembled to solve specific short-term…

This address to the Congress focuses on proposals by the President which he wished that Congress would enact, "two measures which would together shift the focus from more transportation to better education, and would curb busing while expanding educational opportunity." These are: (1) the Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1972 and (2) the…

Two proposed legislative measures are discussed in this document. The first is "The Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1972). This would (1) require that no state or locality could deny equal educational opportunity to any person on account of race, color, or national origin; (2) establish criteria for determining what constitutes a denial of…

Data gleaned from items relating to transportation and parking from the Commuting Student Survey are reported. The survey questionnaire was designed to provide an overview of several aspects of the commuting student's relationship with the university and was sent to a stratified random sample of 2,140 students who were enrolled for the spring 1975…

In addition to the regular transportation of students to school, the Transportation Department of the Des Moines (Iowa) Independent Community School District provides transportation for alternative and special education programs, field trips, and after-school activities. The context evaluation (program description), input evaluation (staffing and…

THIS TECHNICAL NOTE, ONE OF A SERIES PUBLISHED ON THE URBAN EDUCATION MODEL, PRESENTS A MODEL FOR DETERMINING REQUIRED SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AREAS WHEN RESTRICTIONS HAVE BEEN PLACED ON THE RACIAL AND/OR SOCIAL COMPOSITION OF EACH SCHOOL PLANT. THESE ATTENDANCE AREAS ARE GENERATED IN A MANNER INSURING THE ASSIGNMENT OF STUDENTS WHICH MINIMIZES THE…