A research agenda was developed to examine effects of rural school busing on rural children, families, and communities. The agenda addresses the history, politics, and financing of rural school busing; social, cultural, health, and safety considerations; geographic justice and school distribution; relationship to consolidation; influences on…

The book presents guidelines for adaptive transportation measures for handicapped students. Part 1 considers the transportation cycle as a means to evaluate individual student competencies at all logical points during the transportation experience. The transportation cycle is reviewed from deciding to transport the student to gaining access to…

The handbook lists the policies of Montgomery County (PA) Intermediate Unit regarding transportation of handicapped students. Covered are the following topics: philosophy and rationale; the school bus driver (responsibilities, discipline, accident procedures, maintenance, safety); student responsibilities; parent responsibilities; and sample…

The purpose of this assessment was to investigate the achievement patterns of black and white students in the Clark County School District since the implementation of the present desegregation plan. For this study, black students who are currently enrolled in the grade levels under study were used for comparison purposes. In addition, a sample of…

Chapter one examines the constitutional context of the busing issue and focuses on the way courts have dealt with the problem. Attention is divided between the United States Supreme Court's rulings and the work of the lower courts. When courts have required busing for desegregation there has almost inevitably been considerable public opposition.…

On March 17, 1972, President Nixon submitted two bills to Congress designed to deal with the increasingly troublesome issue of court-ordered busing of school children for the purpose of desegregating public schools. The first of these measures is the "Student Transportation Moratorium Act of 1972," which would freeze such court-ordered…

More children are riding school buses longer distances than ever before, but this review of research on busing finds a surprising shortage of information on the subject, apart from safety figures and costs and efficiencies of the buses themselves. Historically, increased student transportation has been the by-product of school consolidation, but…

Every school day, hundreds of West Virginia children ride school buses much longer than state guidelines say they should. Under those guidelines, no elementary student should be on the bus more than 30 minutes one way, middle school students 45 minutes, and high school students 1 hour. In fall 1999, public hearings about school transportation…

PRIOR TO 1965, A SCHOOL DISTRICT IN THE STATE OF OHIO WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF THOSE PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PUPILS LIVING WITHIN ITS OWN BOUNDARIES. NEW LEGISLATION THAT YEAR LEGALIZED THE SPENDING OF TAX MONIES FOR TRANSPORTING PUPILS ATTENDING NONPUBLIC SCHOOLS, AND SERVED AS A MANDATE FOR ALL SCHOOL DISTRICTS, REQUIRING THE…

The Philadelphia experience very strongly indicates that at least in Philadelphia, and very probably in most large cities in the northeastern U.S., several factors--notably the geographic separation of the races within the city and the existence of a sizable non-public school system (Usually (Usually parochial)--preclude the effective…

Volume 17 of the 10-volume Highway Safety Program Manual (which provides guidance to State and local governments on preferred highway safety practices) focuses on pupil transportation safety. The purpose and objectives of a pupil transportation safety program are outlined. Federal authority in the area of pupil transportation and policies…

Operation Hospitality was a program started 4 years ago to bus children from all black inner city parochial schools to all white parochial schools, largely suburban. The first phase of an overall evaluation of the program involved the attitudes of the participating student populations. The second aspect of evaluation which was planned involved an…

These hearings on school busing are comprised of the testimony of a number of U.S. Senators, Representatives, school board members, and representatives from civil rights organizations. "Material for the Record" consists of prepared statements, letters, and newspaper and periodical articles. The full texts of bills on busing, numbers S.179, S.287,…

Dr. David Armor introduced his paper on "busing" of pupils as busing became the political battleground of American race relations. The paper includes brief descriptions of studies of school desegregation programs in the states of Connecticut, New York, Michigan, and California, together with a more extensive coverage of his own research on a…

This report is intended as a sort of "status report" on the achievement of bused students in comparison to other students. The major portion of this report is divided into two sections according to the type of data which are analyzed: longitudinal or cross-sectional. First, longitudinal data trace the achievement of a cohort of students from…