In this chapter, we examine how spatial access, the extent to which individuals must traverse space or time to reach a community college, varies by time of day across socio-demographic groups. We specifically measure spatial access as the time required to travel to a community college by public transit, a common mode of transportation for many…

In 2017, Matthew Chingos and Kristin Blagg of the Urban Institute convened a group of researchers to analyze students' school choices and travel to school in five cities-- Denver, Detroit, New Orleans, New York, and Washington, D.C.--where families are able to select from among many charter and district schools. The team found that a large number…

While school choice has been well studied, there is little existing research exploring the role of transportation, in general, and school buses, in particular, to school choice decisions. We examine the effect of school buses on school choice decisions using data on kindergarten students and their eligibility for transportation assistance in New…

This article explores inequity in access to and provision of bus service across student sociodemographic groups and examines possible barriers to bus access and utilization. To so do, we use administrative data on New York City K-6 public school students from 2011-2017, including information on race/ethnicity, poverty status, distance from home to…

For more than a century, urban public schools have provided economic opportunities through education to some of the nation's largest, most diverse, and neediest populations. By embracing these challenges, our nation's urban schools have provided the know-how and backbone upon which our cities have grown and thrived. In this report, the Council of…

Reports the results of a study of the attitudes towards busing of white secondary school students in suburban Boston, who participate in the Metropolitan Council for Educational Opportunity busing program. (JM)

Discusses a case which attempts to address the problems of city-suburban segregation: its significance lies in the uniqueness of the remedy applied to Detroit and in the high probability that this type of remedy, if applicable, would be applicable to other metropolitan areas. (Author/JM)

Among the topics discussed in the testimony before a public hearing of the New York City Commission on Human Rights in May 1974 of a member of the United States House of Representatives are the status of amendments to educational legislation restricting the use of busing as an integration method and the concerns of the House Education and Labor…

This report discusses the current school busing crisis, examines the history of busing, and looks into the future of busing. In discussing the current crisis the authors examine recent court cases mandating busing to achieve desegregation. They go back into history to trace the tradition of busing, to obtain facts and figures, and to look at past…

Based on the firm conviction that integrated schools are vital to our efforts to provide quality education for all children, the New York City Board of Education has continued to assume a leadership role in developing and supporting programs aimed at reducing minority group isolation. A variety of techniques has been employed: selection of sites…

The purpose of this assessment was to investigate the achievement patterns of black and white students in the Clark County School District since the implementation of the present desegregation plan. For this study, black students who are currently enrolled in the grade levels under study were used for comparison purposes. In addition, a sample of…

The Philadelphia experience very strongly indicates that at least in Philadelphia, and very probably in most large cities in the northeastern U.S., several factors--notably the geographic separation of the races within the city and the existence of a sizable non-public school system (Usually (Usually parochial)--preclude the effective…

Early one morning, September 8, 1965, Operation Exodus unfolded. Poor black parents, with much community support, initiated a school busing program whereby several hundred black children of all ages between five and 14 were to be bused from nearly all-black schools in the black community to predominantly or all-white schools in surrounding…

The contents of this case study, on the perpetuation of segregation in the American city and a participant's narrative of Los Angeles' 10-year debate and struggle, 70-day trial and court order which was promptly bottled up by appeal, are organized in 13 parts as follows: (1) "The Segregating of the Los Angeles Schools"; (2)…

After several years of pressure from black community organizations and their white allies, in December 1968 the Richmond Unified School District school board set in motion plans to integrate all its elementary schools. The plans necessitated some two-way busing. Four months later the proponents of that plan were soundly defeated by the electorate,…