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Evensen, Lars Sigfred; Berge, Kjell Lars; Thygesen, Ragnar; Matre, Synnove; Solheim, Randi – Curriculum Journal, 2016
The Berge et al. article in this volume presents the functional construct of writing that underlies summative and formative assessment of writing as a key competency in Norway. A functional construct implies that specific acts of writing and their purposes constrain what is a relevant selection among the semiotic resources that writing generally…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Academic Standards, Writing Evaluation, Evaluation Methods
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Walpuski, Maik; Ropohl, Mathias; Sumfleth, Elke – Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 2011
In 2004 national educational standards for chemistry were implemented in Germany. While the standards describe different competencies to be reached after grade 10, no compulsory contents are defined. The contents are defined by the different German states individually. This means that there are no defined common topics taught in all states that…
Descriptors: Test Items, Foreign Countries, Reading Skills, Grade 10