The purpose of this study was to determine if and when activism is a choice or a responsibility to understand identity-based activism and the impact it has on Black and African American students in higher education. Through a qualitative research approach, this study examined the experiences of six Black and African American students who…

A study of 50 schools investigated extent to which the degree of congruence in principal's and students' perceptions of the principal's role was related to the level of student conflict behavior. Results indicated high negative relationship and that a major determinant of student conflict may be perception of the school administration. (DS)

Student violence reflects conflicts of interest on the matter of political choice and is symptomatic of current reevaluation of the meaning of choice. The rationale for violence varies: Marcuse suggests that government, law and order, are disguised forms of violence; Fanon regards violence as a necessary act of cleansing and self restoration;…