Historically, schools have been designed with a Eurocentric vision of what counts as education, smartness, and success (Collins, 1991; Hatt, 2012, 2007; Luttrell, 1997). Deliberately and inadvertently, this schooling design has been used to regulate black and brown bodies in the US, from the miseducation of Indigenous people (Grande, 2004), to the…

The Title IX legislation of 1972 was established to promote gender equity among public entities (primarily schools) that utilize federal funding to support and sustain their operation. However, the United States (U.S.) Government developed new regulations for Title IX due to No Child Left Behind (NCLB). This change allowed public school districts…

Federal policy regarding equal opportunity for men and women in intercollegiate athletics under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is viewed as a form of distributive policy that fails to incorporate principles of supply (spaces on teams) and differential demand among men and women. The result is seen to be another form of…

Investigated the lived status of Title IX in a fourth-grade physical education class. Interviews, observations, field notes, and document analysis indicated that patriarchal gender differentiation continued to shape and define the lives of boys and girls in physical education, with boys largely awarded physical space and girls situated as…