Given the American Psychological Association's strong recommendation to always report effect sizes in research, scholars have a responsibility to provide complete information regarding their findings. The purposes of this study were to (a) determine the frequencies with which different effect sizes were reported in published, peer-reviewed…

The purpose of the present study is to provide a historical account and metasynthesis of which statistical techniques are most frequently used in the fields of education and psychology. Six articles reviewing the "American Educational Research Journal" from 1969 to 1997 and five articles reviewing the psychological literature from 1948 to 2001…

The present article provides a primer on using effect sizes in research. A small heuristic data set is used in order to make the discussion concrete. Additionally, various admonitions for best practice in reporting and interpreting effect sizes are presented. Among these is the admonition to not use Cohen's benchmarks for "small," "medium," and…

Self-efficacy and mathematics anxiety have been identified as predictors of mathematics achievement. In the present study, secondary analyses on matrix summaries available from prior published studies were utilized to investigate the contribution that self-efficacy and mathematics anxiety made in mathematics performance. Commonality analyses were…

Correlation matrices and standard deviations are the building blocks of many of the commonly conducted analyses in published research, and AERA and APA reporting standards recommend their inclusion when reporting research results. The authors argue that the inclusion of correlation/covariance matrices, standard deviations, and means can enhance…

The present article provides a primer on (a) effect sizes, (b) confidence intervals, and (c) confidence intervals for effect sizes. Additionally, various admonitions for reformed statistical practice are presented. For example, a very important implication of the realization that there are dozens of effect size statistics is that "authors must…

Explains basic logic of canonical analysis, illustrates that canonical analysis is general parametric analytic method subsuming other methods, and offers guidelines regarding use of this analytic approach. Concludes that canonical analysis is potent because it does not require researcher to discard variance of any variables and because it honors…

An overview of several statistics useful in interpreting variates constructed by using canonical correlation analysis is presented. A computer program which calculates coefficients not typically provided by computer packages is discussed. An illustrative example of the output is provided. (Author/JKS)

Reviews some of the criticisms of contemporary practice regarding the use of statistical tests. Presents a brief overview of effect indices. Reviews related practices within seven volumes of "School Psychology Quarterly." Results show that contemporary authors continue to use and interpret statistical significance tests inappropriately. Explores…

The present article presents a tutorial on how to estimate and interpret various effect sizes. The 5th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) described the failure to report effect sizes as a "defect" (p. 5), and 23 journals have published author guidelines requiring effect size reporting. Although…

The use of planned, or "a priori," and unplanned, or "post hoc," comparisons to isolate differences among means in analysis of variance research is discussed. Planned comparisons typically involve weighting data by sets of "contrasts." Planned comparison offer more power against Type II errors. In addition, they force…

A "doubly-centered" raw data matrix is one for which both columns and rows have both unit variance and means equal to zero. The factor scores from one analysis are the same as factor pattern coefficients from the other analysis except for a variance adjustment. This study explored an extension of the reciprocity principle which may have…

Conventional canonical methods distinguish between the two variable sets being analyzed, but the methods do not attempt to optimize the variance from a given variable set that will be contained in the final solution. In this respect canonical methods are said the be "symmetric." This paper proposes two non-symmetric, canonical-like…

This paper provides an introduction to basic issues concerning structural equation modeling (SEM), a research methodology increasingly being used in social science research. First, seven key issues that must be considered in any SEM analysis are explained. These include matrix of associations to analyze, model identification, parameter estimation…

Virtually all parametric statistical procedures have been shown to be special cases of canonical correlation analysis, which is a useful research methodology particularly when augmented by the calculation of canonical structure, index, and invariance coefficients. A logic for conducting stepwise canonical correlation analysis based upon evaluation…