Several experiments were conducted to show that knowledge of the spelling of words is involved in making decisions about how they are pronounced. The experiments used a lexical decision task with only spoken words and nonwords. Subjects in each experiment heard an uninterrupted list of spoken words and nonwords at a rate of about one item every…

This book remains a comprehensive, myth-debunking examination of how L1 features (orthographic system, phonology, morphology) can influence English L2 reading at the "bottom" of the reading process. It provides a thorough but very accessible linguistic/psycholinguistic examination of the lowest levels of the reading process. It is both theoretical…

An examination of materials development for independent study in listening comprehension of English as a second language (ESL) begins with an outline of current directions in second language instruction. The discussion that follows has two parts. The first is a review of some changing perspectives on the role of listening in language learning and…