Learning to read and spell involves learning about the written forms of words and how these are linked to language. Writing systems include formal patterns, which pertain to the appearance of written words, and functional patterns, which pertain to links between units of writing and units of language. We review the evidence that learners of a…

The spelling of an English word may reflect its part of speech, not just the sounds within it. In 2 preregistered experiments, we asked whether university students are sensitive to 1 effect of part of speech that has been observed by linguists: that content words (e.g., the noun "inn") must be spelled with at least 3 letters, whereas…

Graphotactic knowledge and word-specific orthographic knowledge have been shown to account for unique variance in concurrent spelling skills beyond phonological skills in the early school years.The present study examined whether knowledge of spelling patterns conditioned by phonological context would add to the concurrent prediction of spelling…

Background: Although a large body of research has investigated teachers' reading-related knowledge and associated pedagogical practices, comparatively little is known about these factors in parents. Therefore, the present study examined the association between parental reading-related knowledge and feedback during child-to-parent reading. Methods:…

The purpose of this study is to learn about the impact of dictation practice on B1 level Turkish as a foreign language learners' writing skills. In this study, a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design with control group was used. The study was carried out with 24 B1 level students enrolled in Gaziantep University Turkish and Foreign Languages…

Assesses the extent to which 30 third graders employ phonetically-based spelling strategies in representing synthetic words with high and mid front vowels. Finds spelling of good readers rule-governed and derived from judgement about language while that of poor readers showed less awareness of written language patterns. (LFL)

This booklet is designed to provide an understanding of the relation between writing and speech, without which, the author feels, the problem of teaching children to read accurately and effectively will never be solved. Writing is simply a way of representing speech and our conventional systems of orthography are always incomplete and inaccurate…

Although often viewed as a "hit and miss" affair, spelling pronunciation is in fact capable of patterning and may yield profound phonological effects: the restructuring of the underlying form of morphemes within an orthographic paradigm and the blocking of synchronic phonological rules. (HOD)

It is argued that a more comprehensive, systematic understanding of the nature of the alphabet, its three identities (letters/graphemes, letters/nomenemes, sounds/phonemes), and their specific functions in the teaching of various language skills and subskills should be an integral part of the language arts curriculum and instructional plan,…

A LINGUISTIC MODEL WAS DEVELOPED FOR RELATING SPELLING TO SOUND AND TO EXPLORE THOSE FACETS OF ENGLISH ORTHOGRAPHY WHICH MIGHT RELATE TO THE READING PROCESS. A DETAILED ANALYSIS OF THE BASIS OF THE ORTHOGRAPHY WAS MADE WHICH INCLUDED DISCUSSIONS OF THE GRAPHEME-PHONEME PARALLEL, RELATIONAL UNITS, MARKERS, AND GRAPHEMIC ALTERNATIONS. REVISIONS AND…

Recently the relevance of dialectological study to reading instruction has become apparent. The teacher speaks one language while the child, often disadvantaged, speaks another. The ability to identify utterances is attributed to human tolerance called the phoneme concept, a generalization of a potentially infinite number of sounds into a small…

Recent research has shown that spelling-to-sound correspondences in English are less irregular than has been thought in the past and that a large percentage of irregularities consists of irregularly spelled words which recur in various derived and compound words. In order to determine the degree to which irregularities occur in multiple-derived…

Defining regularity in the English language is not a straightforward matter because of the complex relations between sound and spelling. Predictable patterns are those spellings that can be readily predicted from pronunciation. Rare and unpredictable spellings are found only in a small set of words--probably 10% or less of the vocabulary in…

Normal students (N=65) in fourth, sixth, and eighth grades were compared to 17 learning-disabled ninth graders on learning derivational morphology and spelling derived forms. Disabled students' knowledge of derivational morphology was equivalent to that of normal sixth graders, but spelling of derived forms was equivalent to that of fourth…

It is demonstrated that the phonemes represented by the diagraph "ng" can, with few exceptions, be predicted when the structure of the word in which it appears is taken into account. The regularity of English spelling is discussed, and suggestions are made for use of the findings in classroom situations. (Author/RM)