Survival analysis computes functions for occurrence or non-occurrence of an event over a time period for a particular group of subjects. This study compared survival analyses to traditional ANOVAs and Chi-square analyses on a data set of imitation scores of 18-month-old toddlers. The 48 subjects were randomly assigned to two experimental…

Shows that Saturday morning television programs covertly teach children that boys are more significant persons than girls. (RL)

Parental modeling and reinforcement antecedents of masculine, feminine, androgynous, and undifferentiated sex role orientations were tested for a group of college men and women. (Author)

This research investigates the hypothesis that expressive aspects of sex-roles are learned in the early socialization of the child. Expressiveness of fondness, sadness, pleasure, and antipathy were operationalized by composite scales based upon responses to 16 Likert-type items, which were administered to 1190 high school students. (Author)

The author describes the socializing process of role modeling and the different experiences of males and females. She defines and analyzes the mentor relationship and its impact on career development, presenting a model of career stages. The lack of mentor relationships for women and possible solutions are also discussed. (Author/ SK)

Presents a modified social learning theory account of the contribution of imitation to sex role development. Subjects of the two experiments described were elementary school boys and girls. (MP)

Social learning theory maintains that parents incluence sex development by modeling and reinforcing masculinity and femininity. To further examine the effects of parental modeling and reinforcement antecedents on sex role development, 103 college students (52 female, 51 male) who had been previously categorized as masculine, feminine, or…

Type A behavior is an epidemiological construct whose major features are aggressiveness, hostility, a sense of time urgency, and competitiveness; these features are considered measures of coronary-prone behavior in men and women. To determine a possible relationship between sex role orientation, parenting behavior, and Type A behavior, college…

Sex typing among preschool children was investigated by means of a complete experimental design to test which factors maintain sex-typed behaviors, to test whether sex-typed behaviors are learned, and to reduce sex typing. The complete experimental design, it is maintained, allows investigators to focus on the consequences of sex typing rather…

In a "direct" approach to psychotherapy, the therapist generally uses herself as a model and communicates her own values, thereby influencing the gender roles of her clients, particularly her female clients. In this approach, the therapist is seen as more authentic by the client, especially by clients from diverse cultural and social backgrounds.…

Six classes with 20 students per class participated in a study to determine the effects of television programing's stereotyped images on children's autonomy (independence of thought and action). Classes of first and second grade students and two classes of fifth grade students were the experimental groups, while the third and sixth grade classes…

To assess sex role development in Mexican-American males, about 40 kindergarten boys from low middle to very low socioeconomic backgrounds were divided into 2 statistical test groups according to whether their fathers were or were not resident in the home. Data were obtained from toy preference scorings, which followed Biller's 1968 measure;…

This essay explores the ways in which certain aspects of personality are acquired through socialization. The intent was to gain a broader understanding as to how cultural norms, particularly sex roles, influence personality development. Socialization is discussed in terms of societal norms and standards transmitted by the institutions of the…

This paper reviews the theory and research related to the sex role socialization of young children, specifically addressing a range of theoretical and practical issues related to the implementation of the Women's Educational Equity Act. Section I examines the influence of the family on children's sex role development, focusing on differentiated…

Provides an insightful examination of the school rituals, pressures, and socialization that contribute to the construction of a male gender identity. Includes a lengthy discussion by three male preservice teachers about their own experiences with socialization and gender identity. (MJP)