Discusses summer camps' difficulties in recruiting college students as staff, suggesting camps have "image problem." Describes study of job descriptions to evaluate whether camps offer useful career experiences. Examines frequency and types of job tasks. Examines how camp directors might use job descriptions to recruit more effectively. (TES)

Three aspects of JITOL (Just in Time Open Learning) are differentiated according to the importance of the social exchanges, the role of the tutor, and the vision of the knowledge building process. The support of professional learning needs research that analyzes needs and problems, informs regulation and decision making, and highlights the…

Discusses use of reciprocation in library operations. Library media specialists explain how reciprocation can enhance cooperation of teachers, students, and others. Suggestions include thank you cards or gifts to speakers; rewarding students for reading and good behavior; providing refreshments for repairmen; hosting parties; and relieving…

This paper explores the leadership strategies of four exemplary high school department chairs. It develops a model based on social-exchange theory to show how chairs, as middle managers, must satisfy the expectations of both teachers and administrators. Data were derived from a case study of department chairs identified as exemplary in four…

This paper is a report of a study which explores the relative contributions of norms, modeling, positive affect, and empathy to generalized reciprocity (prior help by one person leading to greater helpfulness by the recipient toward another person). Preschool children were randomly assigned to one of six groups and individually exposed to two…

The key element in negotiation is power. This case study shows how one conservative group (ONE, the Organization of the Northeast, a Chicago community group) used "radical rhetoric" to achieve functional power in negotiations for community improvements. "Radical rhetoric" employs the tactics and the strategies used by…

This study tested opposing predictions made by Gamson's Minimum Resource Theory and equity theory concerning the type of coalitions that will be formed when members of a triad expect that rewards will be correlated with amounts of individual resources. Results supported equity theory in that subjects, whose work on a pretask was used as the basis…

This research tests the hypothesis that trust is a prerequisite for the exchange of information about needs and priorities in negotiation. Bargainers who do not trust one another will fail to exchange information because they fear exploitation. Aspiration level and trust were manipulated in a simulated bargaining task. Bargainers induced to trust…

Most adults are both learners and consumers of goods and services across their life span. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the body of literature that analyzes consumer behavior in the light of lifelong learning. Learning activities, whether formal or experiential, have both costs and benefits. Interviews with hundreds of persons,…

Article describes how teacher role conflict, due to conflicting social attitudes of student and teacher, is one of the basic causes of the current problems in urban classrooms. (Author/MM)

Studied communication effects--whether the content of the message as exemplified in reinforcing and informative material has more significance in helping requests than do other factors such as the sex of the requester and responder. (PD)

Compared women in nontraditional fields of study with women in traditional fields over four years. Data indicated that women in nontraditional fields had higher ACT scores and degree expectations, felt better prepared in math, had higher high school grades in math, and came from higher family-income levels. (Author/RC)

Used interviews and participant observation to obtain an insider's perspective on "helping out" networks of older people in the urban South. Describes the cultural rules directing exchanges of support, and the way older individuals interpret these rules. Reveals the significance of reciprocity for preserving self-esteem. (Author/JAC)

Discusses the power of counselors to influence clients. Explores and clarifies the influence process in counseling by drawing from professional literature, particularly that of social psychology, and examines the relationship between direct and indirect use of counselor influence and the counselor's theoretical approach. (Author/JAC)

The multidimensionality of the power concept has been more systematically explicated, but research efforts continue to be primarily concerned with decision-making outcome. Perhaps the documented patterns of slightly husband-dominant, though increasingly shared or equalitarian, decision making reflect a change in normative expectations rather than…