The COVID-19 pandemic revealed what educators, policymakers, and researchers have long known--namely, that learning opportunities and outcomes are intimately intertwined with other aspects of children's and families' lives. The list of social forces outside the education sector that can affect learning is endless and includes economic experiences…

Research has shown that mathematical proficiency gaps are related to students' and schools' indicators of poverty, with fewer studies on neighborhood effects on achievement gaps. Although this literature has accounted for students' nesting within schools, so far, methodological constraints have not allowed researchers to formally account for…

Recent studies have begun to uncover the genetic architecture of educational attainment. We build on this work using genome-wide data from siblings in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). We measure the genetic predisposition of siblings to educational attainment using polygenic scores. We then test how…