Bulgaria's environmental movement played a role in ending communist rule, but environmental issues were not completely resolved. Social movements may never achieve their objectives in totality but instead enter a new cycle of the movement. (SK)

Divided into seven sections, the presentations contained in these proceedings give an international perspective on the growth of democracy in the world, and the many obstacles that might inhibit it. The first section, on Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union contains papers from four East Block scholars who discuss the rise of democracy in communist…

The paper discusses Lenin's attempts to alleviate discrepancies between Marxist philosophy and his own personal activist creed by, first, introducing Hegelian logic into dialectical materialism and, second, by creating an ideology of organizational activity. Lenin the man is examined in order to understand his interpretation of Marx and the gap…

The imperatives and complexities of introducing human rights principles at primary and secondary school levels in postcommunist societies are presented, focusing on presentation of concepts of individualism, democracy, and human rights in textbooks; teaching practices that reinforce learner-centered approaches; and consideration of a national…

The early 1970s approach to curriculum reform in Hungary under Communism resulted in textbook uniformity (i.e., censorship). Since the mid-1980s, the drive toward a national core curriculum is being opposed by those who are against compulsory subjects, those who want an examination system, and those who want a more conservative approach. (SK)

Significant developments of the last decade in the field of social and political education in the Soviet Union are discussed. Curriculum revision efforts which increase emphasis on social science education are described. (SM)

Discussed are Communist China's relationship to Russia, socialist innovations, treatment of minority groups, foreign relations, standard of living, life-style, and culture. The author concludes that western nations should normalize relations with China. Available from: American-Asian Educational Exchange, 88 Morningside Drive, New York, NY 10027.…

Having derived lessons from the chaos of the Cultural Revolution, Chinese leaders are creating a new system of education. Reforms include restoring discipline, upgrading university education, and improving the quality of teaching. (SK)

This publication analyzes the reform movement in China before and after the Tiananmen Square demonstrations of 1989. In the aftermath of the cold war and because of recent mutual hostility, U.S.-Chinese relations are at a critical juncture. The events leading up to and encompassing the demonstrations in Tiananmen Square and the brutal manner in…

The Chinese student's role in political, social, and economic developments, and the growth of the communist government is examined. Problems affecting educational reform in Red China are discussed. (SM)

Food production in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe is described; the opportunities and limitations of the region's land resources for agriculture are examined; and the evolution of the institutional structures of agriculture are discussed. Recent developments to improve the food supply are outlined. (RM)

Eight essays on Chinese affairs comprise this document. Compiled in response to the China Council's objective of making available to the public materials which meet the steadily rising demand for information about contemporary China, the document focuses on Chinese art, literature, politics, foreign policy, literature, society, and economic…

Mikhail Gorbachev has drastically altered the foreign policy of the Soviet Union, and in so doing has also brought about a new international political reality for all of Europe. This paper contrasts Gorbachev's "New Thinking" in foreign policy with the Brezhnev Doctrine (an approach associated with former USSR leader Leonid Brezhnev that…

Changing Chinese address norms are discussed, including the term "tongzhi" ("comrade") and preferred use of official titles by some Chinese officials; use of traditional terms for "Mr.", "Mrs.", and "Miss"; second singular pronouns of "ni" and "nin"; address of women; and some…

In Rumania, currently, change is rapid at the level of social doctrine because the people never really accepted Communism. However, at the level of cultural and academic life, fundamental changes will be slower. Content, methods, goals, and teachers of the universities will have to be renewed and reoriented. (MSE)