The development of children's understanding of the permanence of various social roles was examined in 16 four- and 16 five-year-old children. A social role conservation battery consisting of 12 items on the permanence of self-identity, gender, child and sibling roles was given under three temporal conditions: the past (i.e., when you were a baby,…

This Inventory is designed to measure male and female self-concepts and perceptions of masculine and feminine values toward the masculine role. It is designed for use with college age and adult men and women. The Inventory consists of 34 statements expressing a value judgment related to men's activities and satisfactions. The purpose is to…

The research reported here, based largely on open-ended interviews with elementary school children at several grade levels, examines the measurement and correlates of gender role flexibility in children. It explores children's conceptions of "mother" and "father" both in response to questioning about the child's own parents and in response to…

Two speeches by Betty Friedan, author of "The Feminine Mystique" and first president of the National Organization for Women (NOW), are examined in this paper. The first speech analyzed, "Tokenism and the Pseudo-Radical Cop-Out," was delivered at Cornell University in January, 1969, and the second, a "Call to Women's Strike…

The purpose of this paper is two-fold: (1) to assess the extent to which adolescent girls' sex role expectations reflect traditional or egalitarian concepts of marriage and career roles as evidenced in a longitudinal design; and (2) to compare both the adolescents' role projections and their subsequent enactment to the educational attainment and…

The author discusses and reviews child-rearing literature prevalent in many modern home libraries. In 53 volumes on various aspects of child-rearing, there is a noticeable lack of discussion on who should bear the direct responsibility for raising children, with only two books covering the topic. About half the books do not have any discussion at…

Major points of this paper are: (a) that the goals of femininity and competence are not necessarily the same, and (b) that little is known about how to rear females to be competent, partly because competence, especially intellectual competence, has never been considered an important goal for females. (Author/AM)

A comparison of Soviet time-budgets from the 1920's and the 1960's shows continuity in the extent to which employed Soviet women have far more housework and far less free time than their male counterparts. (Author)

Outlines a procedure for measuring those components of the self-concept called role/indentities, conceptualized from a symbolic interaction framework and using the semantic differential and discriminant analysis. The method is illustrated by measuring the gender role/identity of a sample of sixth, seventh, and eighth grade school children.…

Data on sex-role values of a sample of college women are examined to ascertain the effect of family structure, social class, and religion on sex-role values, and to support a structural theory of sex-role socialization. (Author)

Four books about college presidential spouses and the evolving dilemmas of their roles are reviewed, and the growing discussion about this role is examined. (MSE)

Examines effect of sex of rater on the interaction and degree of consensus obtained in ratings of child behavior. Children between the ages of 6 and 13 in a residential treatment center were rated on two rating scales. Explanations of results are offered in terms of sex role expectations and stereotyping. (Author/DST)

A scale of gender understanding and a measure of sex-role preference were administered to three- to nine-year-old children from four traditional communities in Belize, Kenya, Nepal, and American Samoa. Overall, findings reflected the strong contribution of cognitive development to the growth of gender understanding. (Author/AS)

Presents findings of an investigation of androgynous behavior across situations and within situations, and differences in sensitivity to traditional sex role stereotypes. All types of men were equally sensitive to stereotypes. Feminine women displayed the strongest gender-schema effects, and androgynous women displayed the least effects. (KH)

This study examines the sex-role perceptions that adolescents hold of fathers, mothers, ideal males, ideal females, and selves. Differences exist between male and female adolescents, and significant linkages exist between sex-role identification and academic achievement. (Author/BW)