Background: Female learning of movement in elite combat sports has not been studied enough to date. Literature on movement learning and teaching of complex skills has not, to date, focused on karate, and the scarce literature on the learning of elite karate practitioners mostly does not focus on women. Nevertheless, women fighters participated in…

We investigated whether doing sports has any effect on the androgynous characteristics of women. In 15 universities from different regions of Turkey, a questionnare was administered to 341 students (170 elite sportlers from nine sport categories and 171 sedantary controls) during the 2012-2013 study period. The Bem sex role inventory was used to…

Describes the life of "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias from her start as a basketball player and Olympian through her career as a professional golfer. Addresses the difficulties faced by women who are successful in the male arena of athletics. Discusses her struggles against cancer and to be seen by the public as a normal female. (DK)

Female athletes are as psychologically well-adjusted as nonathletes. (MM)

Differences in achievement motivation and sex-role orientation between female athletes and nonathletes were assessed using Mehrabian's Scale of Achieving Tendency and the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. Athletes exhibited higher achievement motivation. Also, high achievement motivation was related to androgynous and masculine sex roles. (Author/CM)

Male high school students (N=121) indicated which female athlete (associated with sex-appropriate or sex-inappropriate sport) they would most like to date. Female students (N=111) indicated which female athlete they would most like as a friend. Females associated with sex-appropriate sports were given significantly greater status than females with…

An empirical research study based upon the expectancy-value model of Eccles and colleagues (1983) investigated the effect of gender-role orientations on psychological dimensions of female athletes' sport participation and the likelihood of their continued participation in a stereotypical masculine activity. The model (Eccles et al., 1983) posits…

Examination of 106 female high school athletes and nonathletes revealed that athletes experienced significantly higher levels of role conflict than nonathletes. However, role conflict was not related to gender role orientation or type of sport. Overall, levels of perceived and experienced role conflict were low. (Author/BJV)

Addresses psychological issues of elite female athletes preparing for Olympic competition. Perpetual social and gender role issues make women more receptive to psychological services. As women enter their final preparations for the Olympic Games, sport psychology is held to be of critical importance to help them with performance enhancement and…

This paper examines the development of women's sports during the first three decades of the 20th century and compares it with the development of the women's movement during the same period. In so doing, the paper focuses on the views of female physical educators and female athletes and on their participation in sport. These views and the…

Recent growth of sport psychology research has led to studies of the attitudes of women in sports. Using the Bem Sex Role Inventory and the Sport Competition Anxiety Test with 736 male and female subjects, one study found that: (1) Males with a masculine self description had the lowest levels of sports anxiety; (2) The "feminine" males had a very…

A winning collegiate field hockey coach was observed across seventeen practice sessions through one complete competitive season. A category system for the event recording of verbal and nonverbal behaviors delivered to the team and to the sixteen individual players produced descriptive-analytic information about relative behavior frequencies for…

Uses the Bem Sex Role Inventory to compare the sex role orientations of male and female collegiate athletes. Results indicate no significant differences for team sports players, but higher femininity scores for females in individual sports. (FMW)