Women's ability to affect their socioeconomic status (SES) has significant health consequences. Paid employment is an increasingly important factor in women's SES. This paper presents a historical overview of working women, challenges faced by women (including unique challenges for minority women), and strategies for rectifying these problems,…

Combined effects of racism and sexism in the workplace subject African-American woman to more discrimination than either Black men or White women. Examines racism and sexism in employment practices and in the career development and aspirations of African-American women. Identifies coping system of African-American women who avoid career fields in…

Delineates some research recommendations for the group which attended the National Conference on Black Women in America so that those who represent the various disciplinary areas could evaluate them to determine whether or not they might be applicable in their own communities. (Author/JM)

Reviews evidence which suggests that the sexual division of labor and ideology of sex roles are not determined by biological constraints, but by the structural constraints of a given society. Discusses how the ideology of femininity, which evolved from the life-style of upper class White women, oppresses Black women. (Author/GC)

Black women represent the legitimate instruments by which the women's movement and the black movement can forge a power wedge for accomplishing significant change that will benefit both groups--namely, change relating to legal, economic, social, educational, and political issues. (Author)

Women comprised 44 percent of the executive, administrative, and managerial occupations category in 1996, up from 39 percent in 1988. Only 3-5 percent of top executives are female, however. In 1996, 7.7 million women were employed in management occupations. The median weekly earnings of women in these jobs, however, continue to be only 67 percent…

A recent national survey suggests that women and Blacks receive less on-the-job training and training opportunities in their jobs than White males. This is especially true of young Black men. The factor of low wage does not seem to play a large part in this discrepancy. (CT)

Scant research is available on the environmental constraints in the educational setting that inhibit women from obtaining high-level administrative positions, or on potentially effective change strategies. As part of a symposium defining research needs, this paper presents baseline data on the black woman administrator and analyzes the…

After analyzing income differentials among different Hispanic groups, Blacks, and Anglos, the most important single reason for the lower family incomes of Hispanics and Blacks is lower wage rates. This is especially the case for men, but also for Mexican and Cuban women, even after differences in age, education and regional distribution are…

This collection of papers deals with various aspects of the black female experience in America. "The Black Woman in Transition" discusses the effects of sexism and racism on black women with particular reference to employment and education; it is noted that black women, in comparison with other groups in society, suffer a proportionately higher…

Discusses ways to close the gap between the courts' approach to applying Federal law to sex-based and race-based wage discrimination and the law's potential to change wage inequities. Discusses the Equal Pay Act and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Explores ways the court applies these laws. (JS)

Although Black female leaders were influential in creating the modern women's movement, feminism has evolved differently for both Black and White women. Suggests that, although Black women have struggled largely against racial and economic inequalities, women of all colors and backgrounds should embrace their diversity and unite to oppose racism…

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the ideology of the "teaching daughters," which argues the benefits of employing women as teachers, was taking form. The development of this ideology and its practice in southeastern Pennsylvania and northern Delaware from 1790 to 1850 are described. (RM)

A study of the ethnic identity of Education Personnel Development (EDP) faculty in American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education member institutions represents 14,493 faculty in 320 participating institutions. Data are presented in tabular form. Table 1 provides analysis in terms of institution type; Table 2 in terms of faculty degree…

Reviews the extension of affirmative action beyond the population descended from slaves to women. The so-called feminization of poverty is often cited to justify employment enhancement policies for women. Differences between racial and gender groups make some of the principal justifications less applicable to women. (SLD)