This study investigates how working memory (WM) capacity and L2 linguistic knowledge affect L2 literal and inferential reading comprehension, considering the presence or absence of background knowledge. Eighty upper-intermediate to advanced adult English learners participated, completing tasks to assess WM capacity, background knowledge, L2…

Grammatical and vocabulary knowledge (i.e., breadth and depth) are widely acknowledged as key predictors of reading comprehension in a second language (L2). However, it remains unclear how different aspects of vocabulary depth may independently contribute to L2 reading comprehension and how learners' proficiency may moderate the relative…

As from the acquisition of the skill in the language acquisition and learning process, until the competent reader level is reached and afterwards, the reading skill and action should be constantly improved. For this reason, reading should be in the habit of language learners. Accordingly, in this study, it was aimed to determine the Turkish book…

Background: Second language (L2) reading is a complex process in which two languages constantly interact. L1 reading and L2 proficiency are two well-acknowledged factors contributing to L2 reading comprehension. Other factors, such as strategy use and anxiety, might also predict L2 reading comprehension, but their roles have not been examined in…

Because both spelling and reading abilities tap orthographic knowledge, improvements in one ability may lead to improvements in the other. Here, we test whether spelling performance in a second-language (L2) can be improved by a short L2 reading task, as brief exposure to an L2 can increase the activation of L2 representations, making orthographic…

The main target of language training is to help students acquire proficiency in reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. Each language skill is complementary to the other in nature. As one of these skills, writing is based on narration. Through writing studies, the level of progression of the listening, speaking, and reading skills of the…

A review of the literature on second language learning indicates scanty skill-specific research related to efficacy beliefs and metacognitive strategy use, particularly in students' English reading skills. This study, thus, investigated the influence of metacognitive strategies use and self-efficacy beliefs on EFL reading comprehension of 150…

Reading is an essential skill for students to perform effectively and successfully in any academic setting. This skill is vital for foreign language learners as it provides chances for students to be exposed to English in input-poor settings. English as a foreign language students' reading skills in diverse contexts remain substandard due to the…

Studies have disclosed conflicting evidence on the effect of oral reading (i.e., reading aloud in class) on various language measures. However, with online learning and teaching, personalized activities are employed to develop students' reading comprehension, improve motivation, and minimize anxieties. A qualitative research design was deployed to…

The English reading ability of university students is crucial for their academic achievement, regardless of whether they are studying English or any other subject in English. Examining the affective factors that influence this ability is critical for understanding its development. Research has been conducted on the correlation between first…

In this paper, we investigated the impact of an online classroom-based reading assessment on implementing practices in reading instruction among 30 EFL learners in an intermediate reading course at a public university in East Java, Indonesia. Our study aimed to develop an online classroom-based reading assessment and evaluate its efficacy in…

Statistical learning (SL) approaches to reading maintain that proficient reading requires assimilation of rich statistical regularities in the writing system. Reading skills in developing first-language readers are predicted by individual differences in sensitivity to regularities in mappings from orthography to phonology (O-P) and semantics…

This study examines how visual thinking may affect Jordanian female ninth-graders reading abilities. The design had an experimental feel about it. The study included 66 ninth-grade female students who were studying English as a foreign language (EFL). An instructional program was created and put into place, and a pre-post reading exam was created…

The improvement in critical reading skills (CRSs) plays a central part in college students' academic achievement, in the realization of which online collaborative learning (OCL) could perform a prominent role. This mixed-methods case study sets out to examine the influence of OCL on college students' CRSs due to the lack of research into it in the…

Immersive virtual reality (iVR) is a novel form of computer technology that promises to transform not only the delivery of language and cultural instruction but also how students produce language. The existing, yet limited, scholarship on the applications of iVR in the language classroom suggests affective and cultural benefits (e.g., increased…