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Canale, Michael; Swain, Merrill – 1979
Currently accepted principles of communicative approaches to second language pedagogy are examined to determine the extent to which they are grounded in theories of language, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, and other language-related disciplines. The discussion of communicative approaches distinguishes the notions of communicative competence…
Descriptors: Communicative Competence (Languages), Grammar, Language Research, Linguistic Theory

Swain, Merrill; Brooks, Lindsay; Tocalli-Beller, Agustina – Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 2002
Considers recent research in which peer dialogue has been examined with the purpose of understanding its impact on second language learning. Reviews research from the perspective of a sociocultural theory of mind that claims cognition and knowledge are dialogically constructed. (Author/VWL)
Descriptors: Classroom Communication, Cognitive Processes, Dialogs (Language), Interaction

Swain, Merrill; Lapkin, Sharon – Language Teaching Research, 2000
Focuses on the uses of the first language (L1) made by 22 pairs of Grade 8 French immersion students as they complete one of two different tasks: a dictogloss and a jigsaw. The outcome of each task is a story written by each pair. Proposes a coding scheme for the uses made of the (L1) and reports on an exploratory analysis intended to describe…
Descriptors: English, French, Grade 8, Immersion Programs
Canale, Michael; Swain, Merrill – 1981
An outline is provided of the contents and boundaries of three areas of competence, or systems of knowledge, that are to be minimally included in a theory of communicative competence: grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, and strategic competence. Grammatical competence is concerned with the rules of sentence grammar and sentence…
Descriptors: Communicative Competence (Languages), Grammar, Language Research, Language Usage

Swain, Merrill; Lapkin, Sharon – Modern Language Journal, 1989
A review of the research on Canadian immersion programs supports two notions regarding second language learning: (1) older learners may have as much learning success as younger learners, and in a shorter time period; and (2) integration of content teaching and language teaching is paramount in effective second language instruction. (29 references)…
Descriptors: Adult Learning, Adult Students, Age Differences, Comparative Analysis