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Oyar, Esra; Atar, Hakan Yavuz – International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 2021
The aim of this study is to examine whether or not the positive and negative items in the Mathematical Self-Confidence Scale employed in TIMSS 2015 lead to wording effect. While examining whether the expression effect is present or not, analyzes were conducted both on the general sample and on a separate sample for female and male students. To…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, International Assessment, Self Concept Measures, Mathematics