The presentation of d-orbital splitting diagrams for square planar transition metal complexes in textbooks and educational materials is often inconsistent and therefore confusing for students. Here we provide a concise summary of the key features of orbital splitting diagrams for square planar complexes, which we propose may be used as an updated…

Teaching the VSEPR (valence shell electron-pair repulsion) model can be a tedious process. Traditionally, Lewis structures are drawn and the number of "electron clouds" (groups) around the central atom are counted and related to the standard VSEPR table of possible geometries. A simpler method to deduce the VSEPR structure without first drawing…

We have investigated how chemistry textbooks use models of redox reactions in different subject areas, how they change models between and within the topics, and how they deal with specific learning difficulties identified in the literature. The textbooks examined were published for use in the natural science programme in Swedish upper secondary…

This chemistry textbook presents a beginning course for schools or colleges. It presents a more complete classification than usual according to chemical analogies, the explanation of chemical phenomena in ordinary language, as well as symbols, and the addition of a complete set of formulae in the appendix. A number of recent and important…

This chemistry textbook presents a beginning course for schools or colleges. It presents a more complete classification than usual according to chemical analogies, the explanation of chemical phenomena in ordinary language, as well as symbols, and the addition of a complete set of formulae in the appendix. A number of recent and important…

This chemistry textbook presents a beginning course for schools or colleges. It presents a more complete classification than usual according to chemical analogies, the explanation of chemical phenomena in ordinary language, as well as symbols, and the addition of a complete set of formulae in the appendix. A number of recent and important…

This chemistry textbook presents a beginning course for schools or colleges. It presents a more complete classification than usual according to chemical analogies, the explanation of chemical phenomena in ordinary language, as well as symbolic language. A series of new and original designs are introduced, illustrating to the eye the groupings of…