Extensive research into the effects of racial balancing within schools has yielded little evidence that minority or majority children benefit from such endeavors. A productivity model developed by Walberg illustrates the type of comprehensive design needed to schematize learning and raise the quality of education for students of all races. This…

Early one morning, September 8, 1965, Operation Exodus unfolded. Poor black parents, with much community support, initiated a school busing program whereby several hundred black children of all ages between five and 14 were to be bused from nearly all-black schools in the black community to predominantly or all-white schools in surrounding…

School integration was accomplished by three major procedures: (1) Faculties at all schools were integrated; (2) Two all-black high schools and two all-black middle schools were closed. Students were provided with free transportation to predominantly white schools; and (3) 27 elementary schools were combined into six clusters, each cluster…

In 1966, an intensive assessment of the busing program in Riverside, California, was implemented to achieve the complete desegregation of the school district. The sample consists of all elementary school students who were bused from the ghetto schools as well as a sample of white children in the receiving schools. The first measurements were taken…

These hearings before the Senate Select Committee on Equal Educational Opportunity focusing on "San Francisco and Berkeley, California" are organized in two parts. The contents of Part 9A include all of the statements by educational administrators, teachers, and students; as well as by representatives of involved minority communities and…

Contents of these hearings include the testimony of the following witnesses, as well as materials appended as pertinent to the hearings: (1) Lloyd Lewis, Jr., Chairman, Dayton City Planning Board and member of the Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission's Housing and Human Resources Advisory Committee; (2) Dale F. Bertsch, Executive Director,…

This is a preliminary study of the relationship of local government reorganization to the operation of the public school system in each of three urban complexes. Included in the study were two of the approximately twenty metropolitan areas in the U.S. and Canada that have undergone governmental merger or major structural reorganization since 1946:…

This report from the Indiana Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights discusses issues of equal educational opportunity in the Fort Wayne Community Schools (FWCS). It was found that, while racially identifiable junior and senior high schools have been eliminated, the proportion of minority students attending racially…

The political and emotional issues surrounding the busing of children for purposes of school integration have caused us to focus on the methods of desegegation rather than on the goal of equal and quality education. Busing to integrate began after the 1954 Brown decision. Since that time, unwilling school superintendents and administrators have…

This book is based on the personal accounts of individuals and families involved in different ways in the busing for school integration experience in Boston, Massachusetts. The individuals who speak are both black and white, and include administrators, parents, students, teachers and residents of the city and suburbs. Their stories reflect their…

Earlier studies of the effect of desegregation on white flight were in conflict, largely because of methodological differences in study design and analysis. More recent studies have used more comparable methodologies and tend to show that under certain conditions desegregation does have a significant effect on white loss, although there is still…

Presenting highlights of several projects, this paper reports on research which assessed the total reaction of a community to a busing program. The program is analyzed as an educational innovation rather than as a school integration method. The plan involved transporting volunteer Negro children in overcrowded schools to white underutilized…

The thesis of this paper was to question the validity of a goal of integration achieved through the elimination of differences. In the course of structured interviews with mothers enrolling their children for the first time in Operation Exodus, a black administered and financed school busing program in Boston, a majority of respondents indicated…

To understand the moral or ethical issue involved in the busing affair, this discussion begins with the early fifties, a time when segregated schools were morally and legally accepted. In the early fifties, the "separate but equal position" tried unsuccessfully to equalize the education of whites and blacks. A few years later the busing of black…

This report begins with summaries of the ten popular desegregation plan strategies implemented after the 1954 Supreme Court decision. These strategies encompass the following: neighborhood schools, educational parks, voluntary transfer, gerrymandering attendance zones, closing minority schools, pupil assignment, organization by grades (Princeton…