Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia represent different mental disorders, but intriguing similarities seem to appear.In the present meta-analysis, we examined theory of mind (ToM) impairments in adults with ASD or schizophrenia based on studies that have compared the two patient groups directly by using the same test-battery at the same time point.Ten studies were included with a total of 344 ASD patients and 339 schizophrenia patients. We found no significant difference in ToM, but patient characteristics such as severity of mental illness and disorder heterogeneity may have influenced the results.The limited number of studies emphasizes the need for further direct comparisons of ToM in ASD and schizophrenia with awareness of social cognitive subgroups in both disorders.