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Freedom and Dignity: A "Functional" Analysis
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Nolan, J. Dennis – American Psychologist, 1974
Discusses the implications of a society devised according to Skinner's Behavior Modification Theory. (SB)
Descriptors: Behavior Change, Behavior Theories, Positive Reinforcement, Rewards
Token Rewards May Lead to Token Learning
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Levine, Fredric M.; Fasnacht, Geraldine – American Psychologist, 1974
Although the immediate effect of token reinforcement programs may be positive, the longer range consequences may result in an actual decrease in the behavior desired. (EH)
Descriptors: Behavior Change, Learning Theories, Motivation Techniques, Reinforcement
Work Motivation and the Negative Effects of Extrinsic Rewards: A Reward With Implications for Theory and Practice
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Notz, William W. – American Psychologist, 1975
Summarizes and discusses findings on two hypotheses predicting interaction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: extrinsic rewards are those which provide satisfaction independent of the actual activity itself and are controlled by someone other than the employee, whereas intrinsic rewards are those over which the employee has a high degree…
Descriptors: Behavioral Science Research, Motivation, Motivation Techniques, Psychological Studies
Work Motivation: Theory and Practice.
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Katzell, Raymond A.; Thompson, Donna E. – American Psychologist, 1990
Presents theories of motivation classified as those dealing either with exogenous causes or with endogenous processes. The following strategies for improving work motivation are discussed: (1) personal motives; (2) incentives and rewards; (3) reinforcement; (4) goal-setting techniques; (5) personal and material resources; (6) social and group…
Descriptors: Employee Attitudes, Group Dynamics, Incentives, Industrial Psychology