Recent meta-analyses of the effectiveness of token economies (TEs) report insufficient quality in the research or mixed effects in the results. This study examines the contemporary (post-Public Law 94-142) peer-reviewed published single-case research evaluating the effectiveness of TEs. The results are stratified across quality of demonstrated…

Performance was consistently higher for pictures than for words, and this difference was unaffected by age, response mode, or presentation paradigm. (Author)

Examines the verbal-motor relationship in children who performed a Luria-type verbal control task, in which motor responses are initiated to positive stimuli and inhibited to negative stimuli. Subjects were 68 children from kindergarten, first and second grade. (MP)

Results of two studies investigating children's abilities to use different kinds of cues to infer another's affective state are reported in this paper. In the first study, 48 children (3, 4, and 6 to 7 years of age) were given three different kinds of tasks (interpersonal task, facial recognition task, and vocal recognition task). A cross-age…

This study investigated the relative effectiveness of verbal and visual modes of presentation on the learning of paired-associates by 64 3-year-old and 64 8-year-old children. Nine pictorial paired-associates and 9 verbal paired-associates were formed from pictures or names of familiar objects. At each age level, 8 male and 8 female subjects were…

FURTHER EXAMINATION WAS MADE OF AN EARLIER RESEARCH FINDING WHICH SHOWED, CONTRARY TO "LOGICAL" ANALYSIS, THAT VERBAL REPRESENTATIONS EVOKE MORE SENSORY RESPONSES THAN DO BLACK AND WHITE LINE DRAWING REPRESENTATIONS OF THE SAME STIMULI. THIS RESEARCH FINDING HAD BEEN CONFIRMED BY TWO EARLIER STUDIES WHOSE SUBJECTS WERE ALL WHITE STUDENTS…

Kindergarten, second-grade, fifth-grade, and college subjects were tested in a serial-position recall task under each of four conditions: Visual stimuli/visual recall cue, visual stimuli/auditory recall cue, auditory stimuli/visual recall cue, auditory stimuli/auditory recall cue. Visual stimuli were pictures of common animals and objects;…

The structure of the testing condition is an important variable in measuring young children's language comprehension. This study examined effects of two testing conditions on the language comprehension scores of 24 toddlers, mean age 20.3 months. The methodology was based on the rationale that a test which allows parents to select stimuli which…