This article presents basic principles and examples of spatial representations derived from the analysis of cooccurrence frequency data pertaining to bibliographic information elements, such as keywords and citations, in research publications and patents. Characteristics of the main types of bibliographic maps are outlined, and potential…

Strengths and weaknesses of three types of semiquantitative methods used by the federal government in research impact assessment are presented, and examples of their use are reviewed. These include the classic retrospective method, another retrospective approach, and accomplishments books used by selected research-sponsoring organizations. (SLD)

Articles in this special issue deal with the assessment of the impact of research and are divided into segments concerning semiquantitative approaches; qualitative approaches; and quantitative and fiscal approaches. These articles illustrate the importance of the role of motivation and associated incentives. (SLD)