Events leading up to the discovery of the rings of Uranus are described. The methods used and the logic behind the methods are explained. Data collected to prove the existence of the rings are outlined and theories concerning the presence of planetary rings are presented. (AJ)

Significant discoveries and developments regarding oxygen and organic compounds are recounted to show that research in this specific area is worthwhile and relevant and to point out that research in other areas of organic chemistry deserves continued encouragement as well. (DT)

A discussion of the periodic table of the elements and the role it has played in the synthesis of man-made elements. (BB)

Describes in detail the experimental procedures followed by Davison and Germer in 1927 in their discovery of electron diffraction. (SL)

A discussion of the past, present, and possible future developments in the field of reduction of organic compounds using hydrides. (BB)

Discusses the efforts which have been accomplished in extragalactic astronomy (the study of bodies and systems beyond the Milky Way) since 1929. Some of the most perplexing problems of extragalactic astronomy such as the missing mass of the galaxies are also discussed. (HM)

Presented is a review of the history of the discovery of gene function, and description of the research and scientists responsible for each major step in the sequence of discoveries. A brief review of the current status of the research is included. (SL)

Empiricists work with general concepts defined by their observed sets of objects. Their explanations involve their general concepts derived by trial and error from their untheoretical observations and experience. This paper distinguishes empirical educational research from scientific research to avoid confusion between the two. A reason for the…

Discusses the birth of the universe and its death. Whether the universe is closed or open is also discussed. (HM)

Reviews the progress of scientific knowledge in the United States from its beginning including the long-term value of "basic" versus "applied" science. (Author/RK)

Describes experiments used during recent history to explain the nature of the quantum world. Explains the essential elements of experiments using polarized light and magnetic flux. Illustrates differences between classical theories in physics and quantum theory. Shows how experiments in the microscopic and macroscopic world appear to support…

Reviews the recent history of successful international cooperative scientific projects. Considers the present level of international science, and supports the notion that the best context for all of science is the global community. Promotes participation by scientists in international scientific organizations. (CS)

Presented are the stories of 12 notable black scientists and inventors. Each individual was selected for scientific and inventive excellence with the added accounts of their excellence as citizens, family men, and humanitarians. (Author/RE)

Outlines advances in the microbial production of pharmaceuticals, including the manufacture of penicillin and other antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, alkaloids, antitumor drugs, and interferons. (CS)

Presents an overview of the field of industrial microbiology, providing historical backgrounds of scientific discoveries in the field and descriptions of industrially important microorganisms. Applied research in industry is also detailed, with mention of gene amplification, DNA recombination, pharmaceutical approaches, and detoxification and…