To examine reliability and validity of the new Social Motor Function Classification System for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (SMFCS-ASD). The SMFCS-ASD reliability was examined on 25 children (62.4 months SD 7.8) with ASD among six physical therapists. The validity study involved 1001 children (57.0 months, SD 9.9) with ASD using the…

Interoception refers to the processing of internal bodily states and plays a critical role in motivational processes and behaviours. Instruments for assessing its subjective components (i.e., interoceptive sensibility) during childhood are crucially needed. Thus, in this study, we adapted and evaluated the psychometric properties of the…

This paper has two aims. One is to draw a distinction between two types of trust. The other is to argue for its applicability in academic discourse on educational policies. One of the two types of trust is "ethical trust" that rests on beliefs about others' ethical virtues. The other is "institutional trust" that typically…

It is a necessity for a researcher to ensure that the validity and reliability of the study is met to prove a discovery. However, there are still qualitative researchers who are still reckless and do not emphasize the concept of validity and reliability when designing, collecting, and analysing the research findings. The quality of a qualitative…

Random forests are a nonparametric machine learning method, which is currently gaining popularity in the behavioral sciences. Despite random forests' potential advantages over more conventional statistical methods, a remaining question is how reliably informative predictor variables can be identified by means of random forests. The present study…

Simulation is a powerful approach that plays a significant role in science and technology. Computational models that simulate learner interactions and data hold great promise for educational technology as well. Amongst others, simulated learners can be used for teacher training, for generating and evaluating hypotheses on human learning, for…

Family income questions in general purpose surveys are usually collected with either a single-question summary design or a multiple-question disaggregation design. It is unclear how estimates from the two approaches agree with each other. The current paper takes advantage of a large-scale survey that has collected family income with both methods.…

This study, grounded in a phenomenological exploration, investigates whether current teacher evaluation methods account for subjectivism in teaching, learning, and evaluation within the context of Georgia's Teacher Keys Effectiveness System TKES. Through focus groups with instructional evaluators IEs, the study reveals the significant impact of…

This paper details how to effectively share three-dimensional geological models using data conversion between two mainstream mining software, Micromine and Surpac. It also discusses the impact of this conversion method on geological integrated exploration decision-making guidance. The current situation primarily manifests in the fact that both…

Data reported from memory can be unreliable. A simple activity lets students experience this firsthand.

In the context of virtual learning communities (VLCs), where the participants may not know each other, it is necessary to have a mechanism to help when deciding who to work with and what reliable contents and information sources are. This study aims to design a generic trust model, named T-VLC, applicable to VLCs, which can be adapted to different…

Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) has been proposed to help operators search for cancers in mammograms. Previous studies have found that although accurate CAD leads to an improvement in cancer detection, inaccurate CAD leads to an increase in both missed cancers and false alarms. This is known as the over-reliance effect. We investigated whether…

Identifying and describing children's play behaviours is an important component of evaluating child development. The Behaviour Mapping Schedule is a direct observational tool which aims to describe and quantify children's play behaviours but is yet to undergo reliability testing. This study aimed to determine the intra- and inter-rater reliability…

Sourcing information related to socio-scientific issues requires sophisticated literacies to read and evaluate conflicting accounts often signified by disagreement among experts, multiple solutions or misinformation. Much of the previous work exploring how young people approach conflicting information has tended to focus on students in the…

The field of education relies heavily on instructional coaches to build teacher capacity in the implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs). Although observation tools are commonly used to measure the fidelity of implementation by teachers, fewer tools are available to identify specific coaching behaviors used during in situ coaching…