Studies have shown that raising L2 learners' metaphor awareness contributes to the acquisition of figurative language, which fosters students' development of language skills. However, the instruments measuring metaphor awareness, in the majority of relevant research, did not seem to have undergone proper methodological procedures for checking…

Family income questions in general purpose surveys are usually collected with either a single-question summary design or a multiple-question disaggregation design. It is unclear how estimates from the two approaches agree with each other. The current paper takes advantage of a large-scale survey that has collected family income with both methods.…

Past studies of grit's educational benefits, such as science engagement, showed mixed results across cultures. So, we elaborated the prior model of grit (perseverance of effort, consistency of interest) with "adaptability to situations" (forming a "triarchic model of grit" TMG), and tested TMG's relation to subsequent science…

Predictive research on the enrollment proportion of general education and vocational education is crucial to optimizing the regional talent structure and industrial structure adjustment. The reasonable enrollment proportion of general education and vocational education also plays an important role in the adjustment of the overall employment…

Research Findings: A growing number of stakeholders in early childhood education (ECE) rely on self-assessment to assess and improve the quality of ECE. In this systematic review, we investigated the reliability and validity of self-assessment in ECE, summarizing findings from 27 publications. We meta-analytically synthesized findings from 25…

This study aims to evaluate students' ability to process the context information embedded in chemistry problems. To achieve this goal, a diagnostic measurement instrument was developed, comprising 28 short-answer items embedded in seven context-based chemistry tasks. Four hundred and ninety-three ninth-graders took part in the testing in Jiangsu,…

The term "nei juan" (in English "involution") has become a buzzword in recent Chinese tertiary educational contexts, denoting the intense competition and anxiety among Chinese college students. This project aims to develop a reliable and valid scale measuring Chinese college students' competitive psychology, that is, an…

Research Findings: This study employed multiple approaches to examine the stability of teacher--child interaction quality in Chinese preschools. Teacher-child interaction quality was measured using the "Classroom Assessment Scoring System" (CLASS) on five observational cycles within a school day. Several different metrics of stability…

Background: Modelling academic self-concept through second-order factors or bifactor structures is an important issue with substantive and practical implications; besides, the bifactor model has not been analysed with a Chinese sample and cross-cultural studies in the academic self-concept are scarce. Likewise, latent structure validity evidence…

Education systems worldwide have shown much interest in "21st Century Competencies." In response to the call for better assessment of these competencies, we draw on a 4Cs framework (Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, and Critical Thinking) and develop the 21st Century Competencies Scale-4C on a sample of 5857 Grades Four to Nine…

The present research examined the perceived teachers' charismatic leadership and entrepreneurial intentions of college students. Based on the theory of emotional contagion, this study proposes a mediating model of entrepreneurial passion between college students' perception of teachers' charismatic leadership and entrepreneurial intentions. A…

This study aims to evaluate the laboratory safety perception, awareness and attitude of undergraduates toward the chemistry teaching laboratory by means of a self-administered questionnaire. The survey contains a sample size of 959 undergraduates in Tianjin University of Technology involving four schools. Instrument reliability and validity are…

To revise the Parental Autonomy Support Scale (PASS) and to validate its psychometric properties in Chinese college students, this study recruited 738 Chinese college students, with 72 of them retested four weeks later. The Parental Psychological Control Scale (PPCS) and the Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) were used to evaluate the validity of the PASS.…

This study aimed to develop a STEM module for eighth-grade middle school learners through the engineering design process. The module was developed based on the ADDIE model, primarily concentrating on the stages of analysis, design and development. The study consisted of two main phases: module development and module evaluation. During the…

This study explores how religious orientation, religious involvement, and religious coping are related to thinking styles among university students in mainland China. The Thinking Styles Inventory-Revised II (TSI-R2), Age Universal Intrinsic/Extrinsic Scale-12, the religious involvement scale, and the brief RCOPE were administered to 933 students.…