It is commonly assumed that memories contribute to value-based decisions. Nevertheless, most theories of value-based decision-making do not account for memory influences on choice. Recently, new interest has emerged in the interactions between these two fundamental processes, mainly using reinforcement-based paradigms. Here, we aimed to study the…

We quantified the effect of first experience on behavior in operant learning and studied its underlying computational principles. To that goal, we analyzed more than 200,000 choices in a repeated-choice experiment. We found that the outcome of the first experience has a substantial and lasting effect on participants' subsequent behavior, which we…

Although children given tangible reward performed better than children given intangible reward, neither type of reward had an effect that was significantly different from the level attained by a control group which received no explicit reward at all. (Authors)

Research examined three independent variables: type of reinforcement given to examinee, sex of examinee, and sex of reinforcer. (Author/MB)

Sex-determined differences in socialization were investigated in seven families, two of which contained twins, two of which contained triplets and three of which contained quadruplets. Two psychologists observed the families in their homes from the infants fifth month of age until the children were 3 1/2 to 6 years of age. Children's dependency,…

A game was used to assess children's judgments about altruistic, cooperative, or competitive payoff. In a second experiment, small groups were asked to construct new words with the option to work alone or to collaborate. Children who regularly studied in cooperative small groups were more cooperative in both situations. (Author/CP)

A sample of eighth grade Israeli pupils was interviewed to assess their understanding of some aspects of the particle model of matter. Results show that a significant position of the sample failed to internalize important aspects of the model. Reinforcement of these aspects in pupils' ongoing learning is recommended. (HM)