In-person tutoring has been shown to improve academic achievement. Though less well-researched, virtual tutoring has also shown a positive effect on achievement but has only been studied in grade five or above. We present findings from the first randomized controlled trial of virtual tutoring for young children (grades K-2). Students were assigned…

This paper presents evidence confirming the validity of the RD design in the Reading Recovery study by examining the ability of the RD design to replicate the 1st grade results observed in the original i3 RCT focused on short-term impacts. Over 1,800 schools participated in the RD study over all four cohort years. The RD design used cutoff-based…

This qualitative case study examined the contribution a year-long professional development in the science of reading had on 10 first-grade teachers' knowledge of how reading develops and their instructional practices. Data for this research study was collected through a longitudinal interview process, from pre- and post-knowledge inventory…

We examined the relations between working memory, emergent literacy skills (e.g., phonological awareness, orthographic awareness, rapid-automatized naming), word reading, and listening comprehension to online reading processes (eye movements), and their relations to reading comprehension. A total of 292 students were assessed on working memory and…

Decades of research in the science of reading suggest that using scientifically based reading practices that are aligned with the science of reading will help improve literacy. Literacy is a necessary skill and is critical for a child's overall development. How well children learn to read in school can impact their future success. This mixed…

Purpose: Researchers have developed a constellation model of decodingrelated reading disabilities (RD) to improve the RD risk determination. The model's hallmark is its inclusion of various RD indicators to determine RD risk. Classification methods such as logistic regression (LR) might be one way to determine RD risk within the constellation…

Recent studies indicate that examiners make a number of intentional and unintentional errors when administering reading assessments to students. Because these errors introduce construct-irrelevant variance in scores, the fidelity of test administrations could influence the results of evaluation studies. To determine how assessment fidelity is…

THE EXTENT TO WHICH READING READINESS TESTS RELATE TO A GROUP OF INTELLIGENCE TESTS WAS INVESTIGATED. APPROXIMATELY 300 FIRST GRADERS IN 15 CLASSROOMS IN GEORGIA WERE ADMINISTERED THE METROPOLITAN READINESS TEST, THE LEE CLARK READINESS TEST, AND THE CALIFORNIA TEST OF MENTAL MATURITY. FACTOR ANALYSIS WAS USED TO ANALYZE THE DATA. THE SUBTESTS OF…

THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PREREADING MEASURES OF AUDITORY DISCRIMINATION AND READING ACHIEVEMENT AT THE END OF FIRST GRADE ARE REPORTED. DATA WERE GATHERED ON 632 PUPILS IN THE MINNEAPOLIS PUBLIC SCHOOLS WHO WERE ADMINISTERED SEVEN TESTS OF AUDITORY DISCRIMINATION SELECTED FROM PUBLISHED READING READINESS TESTS AND A GROUP INTELLIGENCE TEST AT THE…

Summative evaluation of Cycles R-40 of the Listen Look Learn (LLL) Multi-Media Communication Skills System was conducted in 1967-68, using 28 experimental (LLL system) and 28 control (variety of basal reading programs) classes of first-grade children. Testing included the use of the Metropolitan Readiness Tests; the Pintner-Cunningham Primary…

The major purposes of this study were (1) to determine if a listening comprehension test was as valid as a reading readiness test, a visual motor test, a group intelligence test, or an individual intelligence test in measuring the reading readiness of first grade pupils; and (2) to determine if a combination of two or more of these tests would…

A total of 339 pupils from 99 first-grade classes were tested over a 2-year period to determine whether they could pronounce words presented singly, out of context, equally well when they were printed with all capital letters, first letter only capitalized, or all lower case orthography. The Isolated Word Recognition test of the Standard Reading…

The problem investigated in this study was to determine the best combination of tests or subtests in a research battery which, when administered to beginning first-grade students, would enable the most efficient prediction of reading achievement. A total of 1052 children were randomly selected from first-grade classrooms within the State of…

To predict success in reading achievement, 148 first graders from three schools representing a cross section of the economic structure of a southeastern U.S. community were administered, in September, the following tests: the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception, the Gates Reading Readiness Test, the Metropolitan Readiness Test, and the…