In education research, statistical significance and effect size are 2 sides of 1 coin; they complement each other but they do not substitute for each other. This descriptive study, however, was limited to effect size only because years of experience with Idaho statewide student samples of up to 24,000 the rare outcomes has been t-tests with…

Children should develop literacy skills that progress from learning to read to reading to learn as they move from kindergarten through early elementary. These skills support reading proficiency and build knowledge in all subject areas. Students who struggle with literacy skills as early as kindergarten often continue to read below grade level…