Using newly available data on all civil rights complaints submitted to the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights related to racial discrimination in discipline between 1999 and 2018, I provide the first systematic evidence on how modern federal civil rights enforcement is used to address racial discrimination in discipline. I find…

The United States and Brazil have histories of colonization, slavery, and racial inequalities. In addition, both countries have adjudicated cases centered on the use of affirmative action admissions policies in higher education but with differing results. The constitutional court of Brazil, the Supremo Tribunal Federal, ruled universities could…

Article is a transcript of a press conference held March 19, 1969 by Dr. Kenneth B. Clark and Mr. Aryeh Neier.

Overviews Rule 23 (Federal Rules of Civil Procedure) governing class actions in the federal courts and analyzes the issues raised in class determinations for employment discrimination suits under Title VII (Civil Rights Act 1964). Discusses damage claim immunity for public institutions and limitations on evidence offered to prove discrimination.…

The Court's strong endorsement, albeit in a limited factual setting, of voluntary remedial preferences should give some aid to those seeking equal opportunity in employment. Available from School of Law, Creighton University, 2200 California St., Omaha, NE 68178. (Author/IRT)

This report provides an overview of the struggle to desegregate schools in the United States. It describes the two phases of desegregation, focusing on court decisions that influenced desegregation and how these decisions changed the composition of the schools. It opens with the 1849 decision that asserted that desegregation was for the good of…

Surveys the objectives of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the court decisions and complex administrative regulations which have followed from it, focusing on the cases of Griggs vs. Duke Power Co., Johnson vs. Pike Corp. of America, and Long vs. Ford Motor Co. (JM)

In this speech the question of whether the federal government is holding itself to the same civil rights standards it enforces in the private and public sector is addressed. Problem areas upon which the Carter administration is focusing are examined. These areas include the failure to eliminate discrimination against federal employees, the failure…

The nature of legal argument, including judicial decisions, puts severe limits on the educational advances that can be expected by Black Americans through litigation. The Brown decision, for example, has been a mixed blessing, and the Bakke case shows that the Court is unwilling to support a class-based remedy for discrimination. (KH)

Dr. Lloyd Hackley argues that first Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, then United States v. Fordice nearly 40 years later, robbed millions of African-American children and young adults of quality education. He charges that the focus of legislation has been to integrate school buildings not society. (Author/MSE)

Argues that the record of the United States Supreme Court hardly warrants a view of the Court as a special protector of minorities. The idea of the Court as guardian of minority rights obscures the more fundamental and lasting role of the Court as protector of property rights. (SLD)

In March of 1971, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that "if an employment practice which operates to exclude Negroes cannot be shown to be related to job performance, the practice is prohibited." Although the decided case concerned discrimination on the basis of race, the act also bars discrimination because of religion, sex,…

This document includes a case summary and the Supreme Court Justices' opinions on Crawford vs Board of Education of the City of Los Angeles. The Crawford case concerned the constitutionality of Proposition 1, a State constitutional amendment ratified by California voters to stop mandatory pupil reassignment and busing within the Los Angeles…

This report provides a general picture of the major trends that have occured in the area of nondiscrimination in employment to date and of the general line of reasoning that is being developed by the Federal Courts. Federal Nondiscrimination Regulations applying to business, 1963-1972, are listed together with 43 court decisions concerning…

In his decision, Chief Judge Haynsworth notes that the issue in this case is whether 42 U.S.C.A. Section 1981--"All persons within the jurisdiction of the U.S. shall have the same right in every state and Territory to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for…