This qualitative exploratory study, informed by grounded theory, used questionnaires and unstructured interviews based on fictionalized vignettes to examine urban, public, middle-school White teachers' attitudes about middle-school Black boys, questioning whether and how such attitudes might influence classroom interactions. Twenty-four…

Retention of minority students continues to be a problem for many institutions of higher education. Despite increasing enrollments of minority students in higher education, there are still disparities between completion rates of non-minorities and completion rates of minorities. The disparities are perhaps more evident in low retention rates of…

The formation of self-concept is seriously affected by both oral and written language; language also affects the ways people think about others. Young children in particular have not yet learned the abstract concept of the generic "he" and when a judge, author, or principal is referred to as "he", the child is subtly conditioned against the idea…