Criticism and evaluation of classroom speeches in communication courses should be centered more on student oriented methods rather than on instructor evaluation alone. One approach is based on the use of seven-point differential scales, whereby students can provide immediate reactions to performances by their classmates. This method is of value to…

In intercollegiate debate, negative debaters must be prepared with a variety of approaches to differing affirmative cases and must adapt to particular affirmative cases they meet. Successful negative debaters cannot determine their strategy until the presentation of the first affirmative speech or, in cross-examination debates, until after…