Researchers from across the country have published more than 140 empirical studies on the effectiveness of private school choice programs. This report is the first edition of "The 123s of School Choice," an in-depth review of available research on private school choice programs in America. The first set of outcomes reviewed--private school choice program participant test scores, program participant attainment, and parent satisfaction--are studies of the personal benefits that families can gain from participating in private school choice programs. The second set of outcomes reviewed--public school students' test scores, civic values and practices, racial/ethnic integration, and fiscal effects--are studies of the benefits that communities and society can gain from these programs. [The following people contributed to this report: Andrew D. Catt, Paul DiPerna, Martin F. Lueken, Michael Q. McShane, and Michael Shaw.]