The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term and short-term suspension and expulsion rates for Black males, White males, Black females and White female students in grades K-12 in relation to the presence of school resource officers (SROs) in three large school districts located in the southeastern United States. Fourteen years of…

Research suggests that the safer students feel at school, the more likely they are to feel connected and able to focus on learning. Thus, measuring students' experiences with a school safety officer (SSO) is essential to understand the connection between officer engagement and students' safety. This study's purpose was to evaluate a SSO scale…