Scouting is an expanding worldwide youth movement, with more than 16 million members in 169 countries and territories. Its goal is to contribute to the physical, intellectual, social, and spiritual development of young people. Since participation in development is one of the cornerstones of their program, scouts cannot ignore the challenge that…

The member countries of the Commission of European Communities carried out various programs to combat illiteracy in their countries. The activities can be grouped in six areas: (1) adaptation of teaching to overcome the learning difficulties of disadvantaged pupils; (2) reconsideration and development of the objectives of language skills at the…

This report describes a low-cost, adaptable methodology for assessment of basic learning competencies (BLCs) in diverse cultural contexts. Following the introduction, section 2 provides a policy framework and covers priority populations; policy and assessment needs; challenges for policy-driven assessments; and questions policymakers might have.…