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Francis, Richard L. – Mathematics Teacher, 1975
The author observes that checking the closure property is redundant for most number systems and therefore hard for students to understand. He defines several systems which are not closed, develops two concepts related to closure, and provides many related examples. (SD)
Descriptors: Algebra, Deduction, Instruction, Integers
Bergeron, Jacques C., Ed.; And Others – 1987
The Proceedings of PME-XI has been published in three separate volumes because of the large total of 161 individual conference papers reported. Volume I contains four plenary papers, all on the subject of "constructivism," and 44 commented papers arranged under 4 themes. Volume II contains 56 papers (39 commented; 17 uncommented)…
Descriptors: Addition, Affective Behavior, Algebra, Arithmetic