At the turn of the twentieth century, the Philippine archipelago transitioned from nearly 400 years of colonial occupation under the Spanish to imperial occupation under the Americans. This analysis interrogates the dynamics through which the heterogeneous languages of the Philippine archipelago were maintained alongside state-sanctioned languages…

The increasing number of Filipino immigrants to America has coincided with the martial law era in the Philippines. Consequently, this exodus has become a significant political issue for the government of Ferdinand Marcos. Since the Filipino government wishes to retain positive influence and goodwill with those who choose to settle elsewhere, it…