This annotated bibliography on women's athletics was compiled from the ERIC data base for documents and journal articles. It cites document accession number, pagination, availability in microfiche and/or hard cover, availability source and address. The bibliography presents material on women's athletics and (1) general sex discrimination (14…

This paper reviews the literature on women's baseball prior to the establishment of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League by P. K. Wrigley in 1943. Around the turn of the century, women had fewer opportunities for participation in sports and long standing stereotypes permeated the thoughts and ideals of society with respect to women…

The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the psychological aspects (femininity, masculinity, and androgyny), attitudes, self-esteem, and social competence exhibited by female college athletes participating in elected individual and team sports. For the purpose of this research the following hypotheses were tested: The social costs of…

In the late 1800's, Dioclesian Lewis developed and introduced into the schools his new concept of physical education. Dr. Lewis thought in terms of preventing illness and maintaining bodily strength and health through physical fitness. His "new gymnastics" were based on programs of exercise movements. Employing light equipment suitable…

Cites the decreased participation rates of women in sports as they age. Contends that sports historians, by focusing on women and sports, can dispel myths about the subject and provide women with positive role models. Provides informational sources for women in sports and discusses notable Canadian female athletes in history. (RW)

Discusses the impact of Title IX on coaching opportunities for women, noting the declining representation of female coaches. From a historical perspective, the article examines perceived causes for women's diminished role and makes suggestions for future change. (SM)

This is a handbook on coeducational physical education for teachers and school administrative personnel. Sections of Washington State legislation designed to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex are reproduced for reference purposes. A step by step approach to insure the development of quality physical education programs in compliance with…

This collection focuses on research topics in physical education and athletics and includes the following papers: Methodological Problems in the Assessment of Personality from the Psychoanalytic, Behavioral and Cognitive Positions; Some Factors Affecting the Performance of Women in Sports and Activity; Multivariate Considerations in Children's…

The emphasis in this collection of research reports is on women athletes, their training, physical characteristics, and mental attitudes. Each article describes a research project on one of these topics, the methodology used to obtain findings, analysis of results, and a summary of applications a teacher or coach may use. (JD)

Court rulings concerning compliance with Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 are reviewed. Resistance to the law in schools and colleges has, in some cases, intimidated teachers and coaches. Progress toward equal opportunity in athletics for women will be slow. (PP)

Title IX protects individuals from sex discrimination in any educational activity receiving federal funding. A lawyer from the National Women's Law Center answers questions about Title IX from coaches, teachers, and administrators at all levels. The questions focus on women and athletics. (SM)

This document contains descriptions of projects in guidance, physical education and social studies which were developed by participants in workshops for nondiscriminatory curriculum development training. Projects and appendices in the guidance section include plans for field trips and open houses in nontraditional careers for men and women; for…

This manual is designed to serve as a teaching aid to coaches and physical educators in the field of women's aquatics. The articles cover the following subjects in the area of water sports: (1) standards in sports for girls and women; (2) women in Olympic swimming competition; (3) conditioning programs designed to attain physical fitness through…

A study of the problems ensuing from the growth of intercollegiate athletics during the 1920's into monumental fund-raising events reveals striking social parallels between that time and the present day. This paper examines the social and economic conditions that contributed to the "sports boom" of the Twenties and comments on the similarities…

Argues that a male perspective, valuing individual achievement through aggressive competition, has dominated physical education. This agenda has marginalized other pedagogies and sports such as gymnastics and dance. Supports this interpretation with an analysis of policy documents, archival material, interviews, and journal articles. (MJP)