This study aimed to investigate the effect of written cues on the second- language (L2) language perception, processing, and word learning, especially when the person's first language (L1) belongs to a different rhythmic type of language than L2. The first objective was to examine whether late bilinguals as L2 learners can benefit more from…

In 2 experiments, the authors examined whether spellings improve students' memory for pronunciations and meanings of new vocabulary words. Lower socioeconomic status minority 2nd graders (M = 7 years 7 months; n = 20) and 5th graders (M = 10 years 11 months; n = 32) were taught 2 sets of unfamiliar nouns and their meanings over several learning…

Two experiments explored the tongue-twister paradigm, which involves reciting a word string several times over at a fast rate, using a task variation that minimizes articulatory and mnemonic load. The task was found to elicit good rates of "pure" articulatory errors. Two features had a significant error-reducing effect: repeated…