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Direct linkWagner, Kathryn; Dymes, Laurie; Wiggan, Greg – Urban Review: Issues and Ideas in Public Education, 2017
Students in the United States and Japan from high and middle socioeconomic (SES) backgrounds are afforded greater academic opportunities due to the systemic presence of hegemony in public schools (Darvin and Norton in "J Lang Identity Educ" 13(2):111-117, 2014). Minority and immigrant students, the majority coming from low SES, are more…
Descriptors: Immigrants, Track System (Education), College Preparation, Minority Group Students
Ono, Hiroshi – Economics of Education Review, 2007
College-bound students in Japan undergo a process of intense preparation known as "examination hell." An extreme manifestation of "examination hell" is the "ronin" phenomenon. Typically 30% of students choose the "ronin" option under which they spend years in addition to high school preparing for the next…
Descriptors: Outcomes of Education, Foreign Countries, College Entrance Examinations, Test Coaching
