In the mid-1970s, after the end of military dictatorships, Spain and Portugal experienced a transition to democracy that promoted the establishment of regimes committed to achieving gender equality in public and private life. Women saw significant advancements in education and employment rights, enabling them to have more job opportunities. Using…

Research indicates that textbooks play an important role in determining course content and influencing students' impressions of a discipline. Photographs are particularly powerful because they appear as actual representations, and students can often recall them better than text. This study examines the photographs of six introductory human…

This article reports on teacher trainees' ability in doing a critical analysis of an extract of English teaching materials from a gender perspective. The critical ability was prompted using a textbook extract that generated two gender issues, namely woman-man relationship and the position of women in occupational discourse. The participants were…

The motherhood wage penalty is a substantial obstacle to progress in gender equality at work. Using matched employer-employee data from Norway (1979-1996, N = 236,857 individuals, N = 1,027,462 individual-years), a country with public policies that promote combining family and career, we investigate (a) whether the penalty arises from differential…

Proposes a model to explain gender-role linked trend of occupational sex segregation, summarizing evidence to support the proposed mediating psychological mechanisms, and discusses the social experiences that shape gender differences on these mediators. Reviews the economic and psychological costs associated with traditional female choices.…

A research study evaluated the effect of televised (vicarious) models on children's occupational perceptions relevant to career decision making. It was hypothesized that (1) viewing nontraditional occupational sex role models would decrease occupational sex-typing, (2) decrease in occupational sex-typing would be enhanced by social approval…

This kit for sex/race/career analysis provides educators and parents with an appropriate tool for objectively documenting the existence or absence of sex, race, or career bias in reading, literature, and social science curriculum. These procedures may also be used to document the portrayal of other characters, such as the aged, single parent…

The evolution of the Library of Congress (LC) subject headings concerning women from the 1975 to 1991 editions is traced, noting the explosion of occupational headings for women, disappearance of sexist headings, and more balanced view of gender roles. Problem areas of subtle bias are enumerated with suggestions for possible solutions. (17…

Differences in the earnings of male and female graduates of technical and further education (TAFE) programs in Australia were examined in a study that focused primarily on graduates working full-time. Data were collected from the 1997 Graduate Destination Survey and from a series of focus groups and interviews with women TAFE graduates working in…

One of a series of instructional packets to aid schools in reducing sex stereotypes, this inservice guide for use with school personnel is designed to increase their awareness of ways textbooks and instructional materials contribute toward limiting student options. Included are avenues personnel can take to counter stereotypical messages relayed…

This paper examines the proposition that languages may differ in their potential for non-sexist usage, and that the structure of a language, in particular the gender system, affects the nature of the linguistic response to changing social attitudes regarding sex roles. A brief historical survey of gender and sex-marking is followed by a review of…

This paper reviews and summarizes the current and projected status of education and employment, and their relatedness, for working women, and suggests avenues for improvement. It examines women's increasing role in the labor force and the social, economic, and demographic trends and projections relevant to that role. In evaluating the impact on…