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Liu, Fuchang – School Science and Mathematics, 2009
Four hundred and three 3rd- and 5th-grade Chinese students took the Multiplication Estimation Test or participated in the interview on it, designed to assess their computational estimation performance on whole-number multiplication. Students perform better when tasks are presented visually than orally. Third graders tend to use rounding based…
Descriptors: Mental Computation, Grade 5, Grade 3, Arithmetic
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Foxman, Derek; Beishuizen, Meindert – Educational Studies in Mathematics, 2002
Reanalyzes data obtained in 1987 on mental calculation strategies used by 11-year-olds in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Classifies mental strategies developed in the past decade in international research. Compares frequency and effectiveness of the strategies used by pupils of different levels of attainment. Discusses basic arithmetic…
Descriptors: Addition, Arithmetic, Basic Skills, Division