The purposes of the study were to develop a measure of overconfidence on probabilistic tests, to assess the measurement characteristics of such a measure, and to investigate the relationship of overconfidence on tests to knowledge and to risk-taking propensity. (Author/BB)

Describes confidence testing methods (confidence weighting, probabilistic marking, multiple alternative selection) as alternative to computer-based, multiple choice tests and explains potential benefits (increased reliability, improved examinee evaluation of alternatives, extended diagnostic information and remediation prescriptions, happier…

Confidence scored tests allow subjects to respond to the options on a multiple choice test by assigning probabilities to each of the item options. This paper describes an interactive FORTRAN computer program used for administering, scoring, and interpreting the results of confidence scored tests. (Author/JKS)

Investigates whether college readers are aware of their performance following multiple-choice comprehension tests. Certainty ratings were more consistent with students' actual performance for opposites and analogies than for comprehension test items. (SR)

The purpose of this article is to discuss some recent developments in the scoring of multiple-choice items from two angles. The first consists of the recent developments in the test instructions of the conventional scoring procedures, and the second consists of a discussion of new scoring methods and formulas. (Author)

Admissible probability testing is a way of administering multiple choice tests in which a student states his subjective probability that each alternative answer is correct. His response is then scored by an admissible scoring system designed so that the student will perceive that is is in his interest to report his true subjective probability.…

Confidence weighting (CW) tends to improve the reliability of easy tests; the Coombs-type multiple-response (MR) option tends to improve the reliability of hard tests. It was hypothesized that, on a test of moderate difficulty, offering both the CW and MR response options would improve reliability more than either alone. Twenty-four subjects took…

The confidence level (information-referenced testing; IRT) design is an attempt to improve upon the multiple choice format by allowing students to express a level of confidence in the answers they choose. In this study, the author evaluated student perceptions of the ease of use and accuracy of and general preference for traditional multiple…

The present investigation was intended to provide information on the type of strategies employed by learning disabled (LD) students on standardized, group-administered achievement test items. Of particular interest was level of strategy effectiveness and possible differences in strategy use between LD and non-disabled students. Students attending…

To determine the extent of students' confidence-judgment accuracy (CJA) and the relationship of this memory-monitoring ability to overall test performance, undergraduates in a psychology course supplied confidence-judgments along with their answers on multiple-choice test items. CJA correlated positively with test performance. (Editor/SJL)

This paper presents the development of scoring functions for use in conjunction with standard multiple-choice items. In addition to the usual indication of the correct alternative, the examinee is to indicate his personal probability of the correctness of his response. Both linear and quadratic polynomial scoring functions are examined for…

One formulation of confidence scoring requires the examinee to indicate as a number his personal probability of the correctness of each alternative in a multiple-choice test. For this formulation a linear transformation of the logarithm of the correct response is maximized if the examinee accurately reports his personal probability. To equate…

Investigated were the effects of two levels of penalty for incorrect responses on two dependent variables (a measure of risk-taking or confidence, based on nonsense items, and the number of response-attempts to legitimate items) for three treatment groups in a 2x3, multi-response repeated measures, multivariate ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) design.…

A study to determine student knowledge and confidence in that knowledge when answering multiple-choice examination questions in a nonprescription drug course is described. An alternate approach to methods of confidence testing was investigated. The knowledge and experience survey is appended. (Author/MLW)

Effects of immediate and delayed feedback on learning were studied in 2 experiments involving 120 undergraduate students. Subjects answered 90 general information multiple-choice items on 2 different occasions 1 week apart. Subjects rated their confidence in their responses. Results provide support for the Kulhavy and Stock model and the…